Auto Industry – Cars and Startups

Is a Plug-in Hybrid worth in 2024? How does PHEV function?

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Apr 6, 2024 | Auto Industry, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Thinking about buying a PHEV? Let’s dive under the hood and explore the exciting world of PHEV technology!

PHEV means Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Are PHEVs worth it in 2024?| How does a Plug-in Hybrid Function? |What is the longest electric range of plug-in Hybrid(Range Extender)|

PHEVs vs. Regular Hybrids: Plugging In the Difference

Regular hybrids are great, but PHEVs take things a step further. Unlike hybrids that rely solely on the engine to recharge their batteries, PHEVs can be plugged into an external power source, like a charging station at home. This translates to a larger battery and a longer electric driving range, making PHEVs perfect for everyday commutes.

Series connecting system of PHEV. Source [56].

How PHEVs Move: The Three Musketeers of Propulsion

PHEVs have three main hybrid system setups: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Imagine them as different ways of combining the power of the gasoline engine and the electric motor.

Series PHEVs:Here, the engine acts as a generator, feeding power to the electric motor that drives the wheels. The battery acts like a middleman, balancing the flow of electricity.
Parallel PHEVs:This system boasts two independent powertrains – a traditional gasoline engine and an electric motor. They can work together or take turns propelling the car, offering a simpler design and lower initial cost.
Series-Parallel PHEVs:This is the most adaptable option. It combines the series and parallel setups, allowing for both independent and combined operation of the engine and motor. This offers more control over how the engine and electric motor work together.

Parallel connecting system of PHEV. Source [56].

Finding the Perfect Balance: Battery Size vs. Efficiency

Studies show that most daily commutes fall under 50-60 kilometers. So, ideally, a PHEV’s battery should be big enough to cover these short trips electrically. However, a larger battery (think over 150kg) using Lithium-ion technology can significantly impact the car’s overall efficiency. This has been a challenge for PHEVs, similar to fully electric vehicles and even some hybrids.

The Rise of REVs: The Best of Both Worlds?

A new contender has entered the ring – the REV (Range Extender Electric Vehicle). It operates similarly to a PHEV in series mode, but with a twist. REVs come equipped with a small gasoline engine that acts as a generator to recharge the battery when it runs low. Think of it as a backup power source for longer trips, ensuring you don’t get stranded with a depleted battery.

Important Note: The Engine Doesn’t Drive, It Charges

It’s crucial to remember that the REV’s engine doesn’t directly power the wheels. Its sole purpose is to recharge the battery, extending the car’s electric range. The Chevrolet Volt with its 1.4-liter engine and 64km electric range is a prime example of this technology.

So, are PHEVs the right choice for you? By understanding the different powertrain options and the considerations around battery size and efficiency, you can make an informed decision. Remember, PHEVs offer a great balance between electric driving and the security of a gasoline engine for longer journeys.

Reference:

Chau, K.T. and Li, W., 2014. “Overview of electric machines for electric and hybrid vehicles”, (Invited Paper) International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp.46–71.
Akhavan-Rezai, E., Shaaban, M.F., El-Saadany, E.F. and Karray, F., 2015. “Demand response through interactive incorporation of plug-in electric vehicles”, Power & Energy Society General Meeting, IEEE, July, pp.1–5.
Li, J., Wang, Y., Chen, J. and Zhang, X., 2016. “Study on energy management strategy and dynamic modeling for auxiliary power units in range-extended electric vehicles”, Applied Energy.
Lovatt, H.C., Ramsden, V.S. and Mecrow, B.C., 1998. “Design of an in-wheel motor for a solar-powered electric vehicle”, IEEE Electronics Power Application, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp.402–408.
Newcomb, D., 2016. “Best new cars for your next road TRIP”, PC Magazine, pp.119–125.
Ning Ding*, K. Prasad and T.T. Lie, 2017. “The electric vehicle: a review”, Int. J. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vol. 9, No. 1.

Featured Image source: https://www.carsguide.com.au/ev/advice/plug-in-hybrids-explained-everything-you-need-to-know-about-phevs-in-australia-84318

Can the Future of Clean Transportation Be Hydrogen-powered vehicles (or) FCEVs that Power the Road to Zero Emissions?

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Mar 28, 2024 | Auto Industry, Hydrogen powered vehicles.

The Alluring Allure of FCEVs: A Deep Dive into Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

As the world hurtles towards a sustainable future, the transportation sector is undergoing a dramatic transformation. In this exciting revolution, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) have emerged as a compelling contender, capturing the imagination of researchers, automakers, and eco-conscious consumers alike. Their allure lies in the promise of zero tailpipe emissions, a concept that resonates deeply with the growing environmental consciousness.

But are FCEVs truly the silver bullet for clean mobility? Let’s delve into the fascinating world of hydrogen fuel cell technology, exploring its potential, challenges, and its place in the evolving landscape of sustainable transportation.

Unveiling the Powerhouse: The Fuel Cell Explained

The heart of an FCEV lies in its fuel cell (FC), an ingenious electrochemical device that generates electricity through a fascinating chemical reaction. Imagine a tiny power plant onboard your car, silently converting hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air into electricity to power the electric motor and propel you forward.

The FC itself is a marvel of engineering, comprised of five key components:

Anode: This acts as the entry point for hydrogen fuel.

Anode Layer: This layer facilitates the hydrogen separation into protons and electrons.

Electrolyte: This specialized membrane allows only protons to pass through, creating a separation between the anode and cathode.

Cathode: Here, oxygen from the air enters the cell.

Cathode Catalyst Layer: This layer accelerates the reaction between oxygen and protons, producing water vapor as a byproduct.

By strategically connecting multiple FCs in parallel or series, engineers can achieve the desired power output to propel the vehicle efficiently. This modularity allows for flexibility in designing FCEVs for various applications, ranging from small passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks.

The appeal of FCEVs stems from their remarkable similarity to Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) in terms of driving range. Just like filling up a gas tank, refueling an FCEV with hydrogen takes a matter of minutes, offering a familiar experience for drivers accustomed to traditional gasoline vehicles. This extended range, coupled with the absence of tailpipe emissions, makes FCEVs a highly attractive proposition for long-distance travel and fleet applications.

The Roadblocks: Challenges Hinder FCEV Adoption

Despite their undeniable potential, FCEVs face some significant hurdles that currently impede widespread adoption. Here are the two main challenges:

High Initial Costs: The technology behind FCs is still in its early stages of development, making them expensive to manufacture. This translates to a higher upfront cost for FCEVs compared to traditional gasoline cars or even Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs).

Limited Refueling Infrastructure: The availability of hydrogen refueling stations remains scarce compared to the ubiquitous network of gas stations. This lack of infrastructure creates a “chicken-and-egg” problem, as limited stations deter consumer interest in FCEVs, which in turn discourages further investment in building more stations.

While these challenges are substantial, significant advancements are being made to address them. Research is ongoing to optimize FC design and production processes, aiming to bring down costs. Additionally, government incentives and private sector initiatives are accelerating the development of hydrogen refueling infrastructure, paving the way for a more robust network in the future (Barth & Kwon, 2022).

Hydrogen Cars The Future of Clean Transportation (or) FCEVs Powering the Road to Zero Emissions

Unveiling the Bigger Picture: A Comparative Analysis

To gain a clearer perspective on FCEVs, let’s compare them to other leading contenders in the electric vehicle race: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs). Here’s a breakdown of their key features across four crucial aspects: Performance, Infrastructure, Viability, and Future Outlook.

Beyond Gas Guzzlers: Can Hybrid Cars Bridge the Gap to Electric Nirvana?

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Mar 15, 2024 | Auto Industry

Hybrid Havens: Should You Consider a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?

The world of electric vehicles (EVs) is buzzing with innovation, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are a key player in this exciting transition. But are HEVs the right choice for you? Let’s delve into the fascinating world of hybrid technology and see if it sparks your eco-conscious driving spirit.

Hybrid 101: Blending Power Sources for Efficiency

HEVs combine the power of an internal combustion (IC) engine, like the gasoline engines in traditional cars, with one or more electric motors. This dynamic duo offers several advantages:

Extended Range: Unlike fully electric vehicles (PEVs) that rely solely on batteries, HEVs get a boost from gasoline, providing a driving range comparable to traditional cars. This can be a major advantage for those who experience “range anxiety” with PEVs.
Economic Edge: With current battery technology, HEVs can be more cost-effective than PEVs. They generally have lower upfront costs and don’t require frequent stops at charging stations.
Reduced Emissions, Not Zero: While not entirely emission-free, HEVs significantly reduce tailpipe emissions compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. This translates to cleaner air and a greener future.

HEVs: A Spectrum of Options

The HEV landscape offers a variety of choices depending on your needs. Here’s a breakdown of the main categories:

Micro and Mild Hybrids: These offer a small electric boost to the gasoline engine, improving fuel efficiency slightly.
Full Hybrids: These provide a more substantial electric motor, allowing for short bursts of electric-only driving and increased fuel economy.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): These hybrids can be plugged in to recharge the battery, extending the electric driving range and reducing reliance on gasoline.

Hybrid Challenges: Balancing Efficiency and Complexity

HEVs aren’t without their challenges. Integrating an electric motor with a gasoline engine increases both the initial cost and the manufacturing complexity. The key lies in optimizing fuel efficiency while keeping the design streamlined.

So, Are Hybrids the Future?

HEVs offer a compelling alternative for drivers seeking a balance between environmental consciousness and practicality. Their extended range and economic benefits make them a strong contender in the evolving EV landscape.

The question remains: Do HEVs fit your driving style and environmental goals? Consider your daily commute, charging infrastructure availability, and budget to make an informed decision. The future of transportation is brimming with possibilities, and HEVs are a significant step on the path to a cleaner, more sustainable driving experience.

References:

[1]. Wong, T.Y., 2013. “The Eye and Diabetes”, Henry Stewart Talks, Item Citation.

[2]. Chau, K.T. and Li, W., 2014. “Overview of electric machines for electric and hybrid vehicles”, (Invited Paper) International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp.46–71.

[3]. Husain, I., 2021. “Electric and hybrid vehicles”. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group.

Zooming Past Gas Stations: Why Electric Vehicles Will Rule the Road (and Recharge Your Soul)

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Mar 15, 2024 | Auto Industry

Electric Vehicles Demystified: BEVs, HEVs, FCEVs – Decoding the Powertrain

Electric vehicles (EVs) are the future of transportation, but navigating the different types and their inner workings can be confusing. Fear not, eco-conscious drivers! Buckle up as we dive into the fascinating world of electric powertrains, starting with the three main categories:

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) – The All-Electric Champs:

BEVs, also known as PEVs (pure electric vehicles), are the poster children of the EV revolution. Imagine a car powered entirely by electricity, with a silent electric motor as its heart. That’s a BEV! It gets its juice from a large battery pack, like a giant smartphone battery, that needs to be plugged in for recharging. Think of it as ditching the gas pump for a charging station pit stop.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) – The Balancing Act:

HEVs are a bridge between gasoline-powered cars and full EVs. They use a combination of an electric motor and a gasoline engine, offering a longer driving range than most BEVs. It’s like having a backup plan for those longer journeys. However, HEVs still rely on gasoline for some of their power, so they’re not entirely emission-free.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) – The Hydrogen Hopefuls:

FCEVs are the new kids on the block, using hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity for the motor. They boast quick refueling times similar to gasoline cars, but the catch is the limited availability of hydrogen stations. Think of them as futuristic vehicles waiting for the hydrogen infrastructure to catch up.

Beyond the Basics: Powertrain Breakdown

The powertrain, the heart of any car, takes center stage in EVs. It’s the system that distributes the electric motor’s power to the wheels, propelling the car forward. Imagine a high-tech symphony where the controller acts as the conductor, directing energy from the battery to the motor and then to the wheels via the drivetrain. This complex dance ensures a smooth and enjoyable ride.

The Controller: The EV’s Maestro

The controller plays a crucial role in optimizing performance. It regulates the flow of power between the battery and motor, converting DC (direct current) from the battery to AC (alternating current) for AC motors. Think of it as the translator ensuring smooth communication. Additionally, the controller allows the motor to reverse for backing up and even act as a generator! When you brake, the kinetic energy is harnessed to recharge the battery, a nifty trick for maximizing efficiency.

Source:[3]-EV System.

Challenges and the Road Ahead

While EVs offer a cleaner and more sustainable future, some hurdles remain. Today’s battery technology limits BEVs’ driving range, requiring longer charging times compared to gas station fill-ups. Additionally, the initial cost of EVs can be higher compared to traditional gasoline cars. Finally, a lack of charging infrastructure, especially in some areas, can cause “range anxiety” for potential EV owners.

However, the future is bright! Advancements in battery technology promise longer ranges and faster charging times. As charging infrastructure expands, range anxiety will become a thing of the past. The environmental benefits of EVs are undeniable, making them a clear winner for a cleaner future. So, whether you choose a BEV, HEV, or FCEV, you’re taking a step towards a sustainable journey!

References:

[1]. Maïsseu, Dr.B.M., 2007. “International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (IJEHV)” Inderscience Publishers – linking academia, business, and industry through research. Available at: https://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijehv [Accessed: 23 September 2022].

[2]. 1982. “Electric and hybrid vehicles”. St Helier: Interscience Enterprises.

[3]. Husain, I., 2021. “Electric and hybrid vehicles”. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group.

[4]. P, A. and Prabhu V, D., 2022. “Review on Energy Management System of Electric Vehicles”. [online] Available at:<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339976065_Review_on_Energy_Management_System_of_Electric_Vehicles> [Accessed 13 September 2022].

[5]. Hannan, M., Azidin, F. and Mohamed, A., 2014. “Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, pp.135-150.

Kiss Gas Goodbye: Why You Should Plug In to the Future of Electric Vehicles

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Mar 13, 2024 | Auto Industry

Electric vehicles (EVs) are revolutionizing the transportation landscape, offering a cleaner and more efficient alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. As defined by Cook [1], EVs are vehicles propelled by one or more electric motors. Hussain [5] further clarifies that the energy source for EVs comes from portable and electrochemical or electromechanical sources, and all traction comes from an electric motor.

The history of EVs dates back to the 19th century when they were initially favored for their quiet operation and ease of use compared to the crude gasoline-powered cars of that era. While internal combustion engines (ICEs) came to dominate the automotive industry, electric power continues to be the primary source of propulsion for various other modes of transportation, such as trains and smaller vehicles.

The past few decades have witnessed a resurgence in interest in electric transportation due to concerns about the environmental impact of fossil fuels and the potential depletion of oil reserves (peak oil). Unlike gasoline-powered vehicles, EVs can be powered by a diverse mix of energy sources, including:

Nuclear power
Fossil fuels (although using these sources negates some environmental benefits)
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and tidal power
This electricity can be delivered to the car in various ways:
Directly through an electrical cable
Wirelessly through inductive charging
Over overhead power lines

Once received, the electricity is stored in the vehicle’s battery, flywheel, or supercapacitors to power the electric motor. A key advantage of EVs and hybrid vehicles is regenerative braking, which recovers energy lost during braking and converts it back into electricity to recharge the battery [1].

Compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, pure electric vehicles offer several advantages, as highlighted by Cook [2]:

Simpler and more reliable infrastructure
Lower maintenance costs
Up to 10 times lower transportation costs
Full power is available across the entire RPM range
Tax reductions through government subsidies

Pure EVs boast the highest levels of efficiency and power production compared to other alternative technologies like plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell vehicles, as demonstrated in Figure, which utilizes the well-to-wheel (WTW) methodology to assess energy loss [2].

Comparative approach to different vehicle types on-road use. Source [2].

Beyond these benefits, EVs can be up to four times more efficient than internal combustion engines and offer the potential for local energy generation using renewable sources, as shown in Figure. This can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, particularly in urban areas. While the manufacturing process of EVs may create some emissions, these can be offset over time through cleaner operation [2].

Finally, EVs can be categorized into three main types based on their power source and propulsion system [3, 4]:

Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV) or Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

This diversification allows consumers to choose the EV type that best suits their needs and driving habits. As technology continues to advance and infrastructure expands, electric vehicles are poised to play a significant role in shaping a cleaner and more sustainable future for transportation.

References:

[1] Crook, F., 2012. “Know All About Electric Vehicles”. New Delhi: World Technologies.

[2] Rimpas, D., Kaminaris, S., Aldarraji, I., Piromalis, D., Vokas, G., Papageorgas, P. and Tsaramirsis, G., 2022. “Energy management and storage systems on electric vehicles: A comprehensive review”. Materials Today: Proceedings, 61, pp.813-819.

[3] Maïsseu, Dr.B.M., 2007. “International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (IJEHV)” Inderscience Publishers – linking academia, business, and industry through research. Available at: https://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijehv [Accessed: 23 September 2022].

[4] 1982. “Electric and hybrid vehicles”. St Helier: Interscience Enterprises.

[5] Husain, I., 2021. “Electric and hybrid vehicles”. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group.

Electric Cars Take Over Europe: EV Sales Continue to Soar in 2022

by Sathyanarayanan Saketharam | Jan 23, 2024 | Auto Industry

The automobile industry is undergoing a significant transformation, with the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) challenging the dominance of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. In this article, we will explore the latest trends in the European automobile market, focusing on the sales and market share of EVs and PHEVs, as well as the impact of government policies on the industry.

Sales Trend of Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

According to the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA), electric vehicle sales in Europe have been steadily increasing in recent years. In 2021, battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) accounted for 10% of all new car registrations in the EU, while plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) accounted for an additional 9%. This represents a significant increase from 2020 when BEVs accounted for 7% of new car registrations and PHEVs accounted for 8%.

Global New car Registrations in 2019 and 2020. Source: [1]

The growth of EVs and PHEVs is being driven by several factors, including government incentives, concerns about air pollution and climate change, and the increasing availability of charging infrastructure. However, some challenges need to be addressed, such as the high cost of EVs and the limited range of some models.

CO2 EMISSIONS OF NEW CARS BY COUNTRY. Source: [2]

NEW CARS BY EMISSIONS CLASSES IN THE EU. Source: [2]

Market Share of Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In 2021, Norway was the country with the highest market share of EVs, with 86% of new car registrations being electric. Sweden and Denmark were also among the top performers, with EV market shares of 46% and 42%, respectively. Germany, the largest car market in Europe, had an EV market share of 9% in 2021.

The market share of PHEVs is also growing but at a slower pace than EVs. In 2021, PHEVs accounted for 15% of new car registrations in Norway, 11% in Sweden, and 8% in Denmark. Germany had a PHEV market share of 13% in 2021.

Government policies have played a significant role in the growth of the EV market in Europe. Many governments have implemented incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, to encourage the purchase of EVs and PHEVs. They have also set ambitious targets for the electrification of their vehicle fleets.

For example, the European Union has set a target of achieving a 35% market share for EVs by 2030. The EU has also introduced a carbon dioxide emissions trading system (ETS), which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the growth in EV sales, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. One challenge is the high cost of EVs. EVs are typically more expensive than gasoline-powered cars, and this can be a barrier for some consumers. Another challenge is the limited availability of charging infrastructure. There are still not enough public charging stations in many parts of Europe, and this can be a deterrent for people who are considering buying an EV.

However, there are also some opportunities for the growth of the EV market in Europe. As battery technology improves and costs come down, EVs will become more affordable. And as more charging stations are built, the range anxiety that some people have about EVs will be reduced.

My Opinion

The automobile industry is at a crossroads, with the rise of EVs and PHEVs challenging the dominance of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The European market is leading the way in this transition, with EV sales growing rapidly and government policies playing a key role. There are still some challenges that need to be addressed, such as the high cost of EVs and the limited availability of charging infrastructure. However, the opportunities for the growth of the EV market are significant, and we can expect to see even more progress in the years to come.

The above article is written by the study of material and resources for the period of 2019 to 2022 and my opinion therefore is basis various facts, figures, and measures if taken right by various institutions.

Source:

[1]:Henk Bekkler, May,2022,” 2022 (Q1) Europe: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Car Sales per EU, UK, and EFTA Country”, Available at: https://www.best-selling-cars.com/electric/2022-q1-europe-electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-car-sales-per-eu-uk-and-efta-country/

[2]:Acea, March 2022,” The Automobile Industry, Pocket guide 2021/2022”, Available at: https://www.acea.auto/files/ACEA_Pocket_Guide_2021-2022.pdf#page=20

Is a Plug-in Hybrid worth in 2024? How does PHEV function?